Watershed Management Performance Assessment Based on Land Condition Indicators (Laeya Watershed Case, Southeast Sulawesi Province

Laeya Watershed is one of the three Priority Watersheds in Southeast Sulawesi. Therefore, monitoring and evaluating watershed performance is very important to ensure that watershed management is sustainable. This study aims to assess the performance of watershed management based on indicators of land conditions in the Laeya Watershed, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The method used is a survey with a scoring technique using the parameters index of the percentage of critical land, vegetation cover, and erosion index to determine the carrying capacity of the watershed. The results showed that the carrying capacity of the Laeya Watershed was classified as very good with a score of 35 (<70), with each sub-criterion of critical land classified as very low with a score of 0.5, sub-criteria for vegetation cover classified as good with a score of 0.75 and sub-criteria the erosion index criteria are classified as very high with a score of 0.75. It can be concluded that the management performance of the Laeya watershed is very good

ANALYSIS OF AVAILABILITY AND NEEDS OF GREEN OPEN SPACE IN KENDARI, SOUTHEAST SULAWESI, INDONESIA

Climate change caused by various factors of environmental damage is a phenomenon that occurs in all aspects of human life on this earth. Especially urban areas, which has become the center of civilization and the economy has suffered severe environmental damage.Green open space is a space that can be covered with trees or other plants, which, although narrow, but may help in reducing the effects, of environmental degradation.Studies on the content of biomass and carbon stored in the green open space is very important to determine the ability of green open space to absorb carbon. This research involves various sectors that cause carbon emissions in Kendari the capital city of Southeast Sulawesi Province in Indonesia, namely from the transport sector, industry and trade, education and office and residential activities. This research was conducted in three areas, namely business district, offices and settlements.The availability of green open space based on the calculation of the absorption of CO2 and produce O2 as well as the calculation of the availability of the number of trees to produce O2 and absorb CO2.The needs of green open space is calculated based on the needs of oxygen in humans and vehicles, carbon emissions in humans, vehicles, and household electronic equipment and green open space broad needs and the number of trees to absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen in the business district, offices and settlements. The results showed that the availability of green space based on oxygen consumption in the business district should have a green open space covering 61% of the total area, the settlement area must have a comprehensive RTH minimum of 15.3% of the area of the region, which means a minimum area of RTH not eligible based on oxygen demand, while for an office area, the existing green open space area is 53.16% that an area has exceeded the minimum requirement of extensive green open space based on the need for oxygen. It is relevant to a comparison of emissions and carbon deposits in the three regions, namely the business area amounted to 0.2189 tons of carbon savings with the amount of emissions to 3.5 tons per day, the settlement area total carbon storage is 62.545 producing an emission of 10.6 tons per day, while the office area produces carbon deposits is amounted to 5,464.93 tons per day by the number of emissions of 34.3 tons per day

KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN POTENSI FLORA PADA DAS LAGITO KABUPATEN BUTON UTARA, SULAWESI TENGGARA

ABSTRAKDAS Lagito merupakan salah satu DAS yang terdapat di Kabupaten Buton Utara yang terletak di  Desa Bubu, Kecamatan Kambowa. DAS Lagito di dalamnya memiliki potensi keanekaragaman vegetasi hutan dan sungai Lagito merupakan salah satu habitat burung maleo. Namun demikian belum ada data untuk mengungkapkan seberapa besar potensi hutan dan kondisi habitat di DAS Lagito. Untuk itu pengungkapan data dan fakta potensi keanekaragaman hutan di DAS tersebut sangat dibutuhkan. Hasil studi inventarisasi vegetasi  ditemukan komposisi jenis pohon sebanyak  97 jenis, diantaranya terdapat beberapa jenis yang memiliki INP tinggi yakni beringin (Ficus benjamina) INP 79,07, singi INP 39,72, jati (Tectona grandis) INP 18,87, bayam (Intsia palembanica) INP 9,20, bitti (Vittex coffasus) INP 9,18, roda INP 9,16 dan see (Tetradium glabrifolium) INP 9,10. Kata kunci: Keanekaragaman, Potensi Flora, DAS Lagito  ABSTRACTLagito watershed is one of the catchments in North Buton Regency located in Bubu Village, Kambowa District. Lagito basin in it has the potential for diversity of forest vegetation and the Lagito river is one of the habitats of maleo birds. However, there is no data to reveal the potential for forests and habitat conditions in the Lagito watershed. Therefore, the disclosure of data and facts on potential for forest diversity in the watershed is urgently needed. The results of vegetation inventory study found 97 species of tree species composition, some of which have high Important Value Index (IVI) ie beringin (Ficus benjamina) IVI 79,07, IVI singi 39,72, jati (Tectona grandis) IVI 18,87, bayam (Intsia palembanica) IVI 9,20, bitti (Vittex coffasus) IVI 9,18, IVI roda 9.16 and see (Tetradium glabrifolium) IVI 9.10.Keywords: Diversity, Flora Potential, Lagito Watershe

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF WATER BALANCE DISTRIBUTION FOR SIMULATION OF TIMING AND PATTERNS OF RICE AND CROP PLANTING IN THE REGION OF TYPE D RAINFALL IN THE SOUTH KONAWE REGENCY

Ketersediaan air sangat berperan dalam siklus hidrologi lingkungan, dimana dalam konsepnya menyatakan jumlah air disuatu luasan tertentu dipermukaan bumi dipengaruhi oleh besarnya air yang masuk (input) dan keluar (output) pada jangka waktu tertentu.  Ketidakseimbangan air dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kelebihan (surplus) dan defisit (kekurangan air) dan dapat berdampak pada berbagai sektor, salah satunya di sektor pertanian tanaman pangan yakni terjadinya pergeseran musim dan perubahan pola tanam. Dampak tersebut dapat diminimalisir bila dilakukan pengelolaan yang baik terhadap lahan dan lingkungannya yakni melalui perhitungan kondisi neraca air dalam suatu wilayah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) menganalisis sebaran spasial neraca air lahan di wilayah hujan tipe D, (2) menetapkan Waktu dan Pola Tanam berdasarkan Neraca Air lahan Padi dan Palawija di wilayah hujan tipe D.  Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei dan analisis perhitungan neraca air.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa surplus air di wilayah Kecamatan Palangga dan Baito memiliki periode surplus 8 bulan dengan nilai 192, 40 mm/bulan yang terjadi pada bulan Juni dan terendah 2,04 mm/bulan yang sebarannya meliputi semua titik pengambilan sampel adapun secara administrasi meliputi desa Kiaea, Watudemba, Watumerembe, Wawonggura, Eewa, Onembute, Anggondara, Mekar Sari, Wawouru, Aosole, Sanggi-sanggi, Palangga, Tolihe, Sambahule, Matabubu, Mekarjaya, Wonua Raya, Ahuangguluri, Amasara, Wawouru, Mekarsari, Anggondara, Aosole, Eewa dan Onembute.  Defisit air di wilayah Kecamatan Palangga dan Baito memiliki periode 4 bulan dengan periode tertinggi pada bulan Juni yakni 58,59 mm/bulan di titik 6 dan terendah pada bulan Februari dengan nilai 4,68 mm/bulan di titik 2.  Wilayah Kecamatan Palangga dan Baito memiliki pola tanam jagung+kacang hijau-padi sawah-bero/sayuran; kedelai/padi sawah-bero/sayuran; jagung+kacang tanah-padi sawah-bero/rumput pakan.Water availability plays a crucial role in the environmental hydrological cycle, where the concept states that the amount of water in a specific area on the Earth’s surface is influenced by the input and output of water over a certain period. Water imbalance can lead to excess (surplus) and deficit (water shortage), impacting various sectors, including the agricultural sector, particularly in food crop cultivation, causing seasonal shifts and changes in planting patterns. These impacts can be minimized through adequate land and environmental management, achieved by calculating the water balance conditions in a given region. This research aims to (1) analyze the spatial distribution of land water balance in a type D rainfall region and (2) determine the timing and crop planting patterns based on the water balance of rice and secondary crops in the type D rainfall region. The study employs survey methods and analysis using the Thornthwaite water balance calculation. The results indicate water surplus in the Palangga and Baito subdistricts with an 8-month surplus period, reaching 192.40 mm month-1 in June and a minimum of 2.04 mm month-1, covering various sampling points and administrative areas such as Kiaea, Watudemba, Watumerembe, Wawonggura, Eewa, Onembute, Anggondara, Mekar Sari, Wawouru, Aosole, Sanggi-sanggi, Palangga, Tolihe, Sambahule, Matabubu, Mekarjaya, Wonua Raya, Ahuangguluri, Amasara, Wawouru, Mekarsari, Anggondara, Aosole, Eewa, and Onembute. Water deficit in the Palangga and Baito subdistricts occurs for four months, peaking at 58.59 mm month-1 in June at point 6 and reaching a minimum of 4.68 mm month-1 in February at point 2. The Palangga and Baito subdistricts exhibit a cropping pattern of corn + mung bean - irrigated rice - fallowing/vegetables; soybean/irrigated rice - fallowing/vegetables; corn + peanuts - irrigated rice - fallowing/grass for animal feed

The Potential of Blue Carbon Stocks and Carbon Dioxide Absorption in Mangrove Forests to Support Low Carbon Emission Development in Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

Indonesia is a country with the second-longest coastline globally and has the most extensive mangrove forests in the world. Mangrove forests are included in the blue carbon group, which per hectare store up to four times more carbon storage than tropical forests. Mangrove forests play an essential role in absorbing carbon emissions in the air and storing a lot of carbon compared to natural forests. This study aims to determine carbon storage and CO2 absorption in mangrove forests in Kabaena Barat Subdistrict, Bombana Regency. The data comes from direct measurements in the field, namely above-ground carbon, carried out without damaging trees, only covering carbon in tree vegetation. It is the largest proportion of carbon storage on land. The data collection used a survey method to identify mangrove species, circumference, tree trunk diameter at breast height (dbh), biomass, carbon storage, CO2 absorption, and 22 plots of plotted line method with eight transects. The results showed that 10 types of mangrove species were found on the transect observation, namely Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia lanata, Avicennia sp., Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, and Xylocarpus granatum. With the total amount of biomass stored in Kabaena Barat Subdistrict's mangrove forests, Bombana Regency, is 6,664.93 tons ha-1 with carbon storage of 3,065.85 tons ha-1 and carbon dioxide absorption of 11,241.55 tons ha-1

Water Quality in Thirty Freshwater Springs and Twenty Four Brackish Springs in the Karst Area to Realize Sustainable Water Resources Management

Clean water is an unlimited and sustainable need that must be fulfilled every day and meet an appropriate standard in terms of quantity and quality. The research objective in this study was to analyze the quality of water in thirty freshwater springs and twenty four brackish springs in the karst area of Buton Tengah Regency to achieve sustainable water resource management. Data on the quality of freshwater springs and brackish water springs chemically and biologically have been analyzed in the biology laboratory of FMIPA Universitas Halu Oleo, then the results are compared with the standards for water quality contained in the regulations of the Minister of Health and Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia. The results showed that the freshwater springs in Talaga Raya District exceeded the water quality standards for hardness parameter, while the brackish springs in Mawasangka Tengah, Mawasangka Timur, Lakudo, and Mawasangka Districts has exceeded the water quality standards for parameters of total dissolved solids, hardness, and chloride. However, these parameters are relatively easy to overcome so that the use of freshwater springs can qualify as drinking water, while the use of brackish springs should be used to meet domestic non-drinking water needs

Keanekaragaman Makrozoobentos sebagai Bioindikator Lingkungan di Sungai Lantahiwo Desa Kotawo Kecamatan Kulisusu Barat Kabupaten Buton Utara

Macrozoobentos are animals that live permanently in sediments at the bottom of the water, both on soft and hard substrate conditions. Macrozoobenthos contribute greatly to the function of aquatic ecosystems and play important roles such as mineralization processes in sediments and organic material cycles and play a role in transferring energy through the food chain. Based on the results of research conducted on the Lantahiwo River, Kotawo Village, West Kulisusu District, the species richness of macrozoobenthos found in the Lantahiwo River was varied where the number of individuals obtained from station 1 (upstream) was 20 individuals. At station 2 (middle of the river) there were 60 individuals, while at station 3 (downstream) there were 14 individuals. The river is a form of aquatic ecosystem that has an important role in the hydrological cycle and functions as a catchment area for the surrounding area. So that the condition of a river is strongly influenced by the characteristics of the surrounding environment. The sampling point includes looking at the considerations made in the field and sampling at stations 1, 2 and 3 is carried out in stages, first in the upstream, middle and downstream parts of the river then observations are made with several parameters that are considered important by researchers as key parameters that represent and describes the waters of the Lantahiwo River. This research was conducted from March to April 2020 in Kotawo Village, Kulisusu Barat District, North Buton Regency. Based on the results of identification, where the types of macrozoobenthos found in the Lantahiwo River at stations 1 to 3 consist of 2 families and 2 classes, namely; types of family Gerridae from class Bivalvia, species from family Thiaridae from class Gastropods, species from family Thiaridae from class Macrozoobentos were found at each station